信贷政策、银企关联与企业资本结构

本文从供给政策和银企关联两个层面出发,揭示信贷政策、银企关联对资本结构影响的理论机制,并提出3个理论假设,并以2003-2012年间360家上市公司为样本分别进行实证检验。结果表明,信贷供给和银企关联对资本结构具有显著的正向影响效应,并且两者之间存在显著的替代关系。鉴于此,必须加快发展和完善多层次资本市场,拓宽企业融资渠道,降低企业的融资成本;重视银企关联这一非正式制度安排对企业资本结构的作用,预防甚至减少违规现象的出现。     

中国建成区绿地率区域差异的多尺度分析

建成区绿地率区域差异具有显著的尺度依赖性,基于多尺度视角对其进行分析、综合研判不同尺度间关系,可更确切且全面地揭示其特征,为探寻最佳研究尺度,以及制定兼具差异化和协调性的城市绿地建设决策提供科学依据。综合运用标准差、变异系数、锡尔指数和尺度方差等方法,将地带、省、市3个尺度纳入统一的分析框架,探究1996—2015年中国建成区绿地率区域差异。1)差异测度研究表明,自1996年以来,我国建成区绿地率区域差异在3个尺度上长期存在,均呈现缩小趋势,并表现出明显的尺度效应。2)尺度方差分解结果显示,建成区绿地率尺度方差及构成由大到小依次为市级、省级、地带级,即尺度越小,其尺度方差越大,对区域差异的贡献份额越大。     

Asymmetric stabilizing impact of international reserves

This article studies international reserves’ nominal exchange rate stabilizing impact in emerging markets and developing countries, with a particular focus on its nonlinearity and asymmetry across different states of the economy. Using the fixed-effects and dynamic panel threshold models, we find the reserves to short-term debt threshold ratio after which the marginal stabilizing effect of reserves begins to fall during tranquil times. Such diminishing returns, however, do not appear to exist even at the excessive level of reserves during the global financial crisis, partly justifying precautionary demand for international reserves. These results call for extending reserve pooling or swap arrangements to enhance efficiency of reserve management by holding adequate, rather than excess, international reserves with an access to emergency lending during the crisis.     

The association between the severity of chronic kidney disease and medical costs among patients with type 2 diabetes

Aims: Examine healthcare costs across chronic kidney disease (CKD) stages for US patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D).

Materials and methods: IQVIA Real World Data Adjudicated Claims linked electronic medical records and insurance claims from January 1, 2012 through March 31, 2017 were used for this retrospective study. Adults diagnosed with T2D and comorbid CKD were included. General linear models incorporating splines were constructed, and information from these regressions were used to inform the relationship between medical costs and CKD. Multivariable analyses controlled for patient characteristics, vital signs, general health, prior medication use, prior visit to specialists, index A1c, and year of index date.

Results: There were 6,645 individuals who met the study criteria. Results generally indicate sharp increases in annual total medical costs and non-drug medical costs in the 1?year post-period for patients with Stage 4 or 5 CKD (estimated glomerular filtration rate [eGFR]?≤?30?mL/min/1.73 m²) with each 1 point reduction in eGFR from 30 associated with an increase of $1,870 in all-cause total medical costs (p?<?0.0001) and $1,805 of all-cause non-drug medical costs (p?<?0.0001). Similarly, each point decline below 30?mL/min was associated annual cost increases of $1,701 for CKD-related total medical costs, $1,695 for CKD-related non-drug medical costs, $173 for diabetes-related medical costs, and $187 for diabetes-related non-drug medical costs (all p?<?0.0001).

Limitations: The investigation included only patients with medical insurance and laboratory test results, and results may not be generalizable to all T2D patients with CKD. The methodology allowed us to determine associations, not causation, and potential confounders, such as duration of diabetes, diet, exercise, or social support, could not be assessed.

Conclusions: Results indicate there are sharp and significant increases in medical costs among T2D patients with Stage 4 and 5 CKD compared to those with earlier stages of CKD.     

2035年中国的城镇化率与城市群主体空间形态

城镇化是2035年基本实现社会主义现代化的重要引擎,城市群是城镇化的主要空间形态。本文按照“是多少”“主体在哪里”的逻辑顺序,依次研究2035年中国的城镇化率和城市群主体空间形态。在简要回顾城镇化历程的基础上,通过多模型筛选,预测2035年中国的城镇化率将达到73.41%~74.53%,并通过与相关研究比照、与八大发达经济体进行对标研究,对预测结果进行验证。城市群主体空间形态由具有较大首位城市、较强吸引力、紧密经济社会联系、承载未来主导产业和有效促进国家战略格局形成的核心城市群构成,是国家未来国土空间结构的大骨架。为此,从首位城市人口规模、城市人口流动方向、城市群内部经济社会联系、未来主导产业空间分布和国家战略政策影响等五个方面构建分析框架,并依托路径依赖理论预测2035年中国城市群主体空间形态将由京津冀、长三角、粤港澳大湾区、成渝、长江中游五大城市群构成。     

国际贸易计价货币的选择——兼论人民币国际化

本文以出口商预期利润最大化为视角,介绍和归纳了出口商计价货币选择的有关模型。得出结论:一国货币作为国际贸易发票货币取决于货币汇率的波动性;该国占据的出口市场份额以及该国出口产品的差异性程度,并利用经验数据检验了以上结论,展望了人民币国际化的前景。     

不对称国际经济体系下的人民币汇率问题--一个劳动力平价视角

本文试从经济和金融全球化的视角,以劳动力平价为分析基础,分析在不对称国际经济体系中的人民币汇率水平问题。通过对中美劳动力平价以及中国与印度尼西亚、马来西亚和韩国三国的劳动力平价的比较研究,发现对美元而言,人民币1998年之前存在着较严重低估,1998年之后低估程度缩小;对印度尼西亚、马来西亚和韩国三国而言,10年来一直处于竞争性均衡中,在劳动力平价上不存在比较优势。因而,只有在人民币汇率形成机制中考虑东南亚国家货币的影响,才能保证我国商品的国际竞争力。     

利率市场化要求建立全方位的银行风险管理模式

利率市场化作为我国迈向市场经济的重要标志之一，不仅意味着我国金融机构自身的经营管理风险水平提高，同时也增加了所有其它行业发展的不稳定因素，从而使得最终积聚在银行的风险更复杂而突出。因此，我国商业银行的风险管理任务很重，必须不断深化银行改革，建立全面风险管理模式。     

新巴塞尔协议下我国国有银行资本充足率问题及对策研究

新巴塞尔协议代表着对国际商业银行业监管方向和趋势 ,与 1988年巴塞尔协议相比 ,新协议内容更广泛 ,更复杂。它的主要内容包括最低资本要求、资本充足性监管和市场约束。本文仅就新巴塞尔协议最低资本要求问题分析我国国有银行业的不足以及应该采取的措施 ,从而确保我国 2 0 0 7年顺利实施新巴塞尔协议。     

央行外汇市场干预与协调国内货币政策

我国央行的汇率政策目标已演变成稳定汇率的单一目标,央行频繁地对外汇市场进行冲销干预,使人民币对美元的名义汇率处于超稳定状态,这种汇率政策的施行与国内货币政策目标可能协调,也可能发生冲突。国家应采取综合治理的办法,提高人民币汇率波动的弹性,大力发展债券市场回购,以加强对基础货币的调控